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A bottle is a narrow-necked, rigid or semirigid container for holding liquid substances like milk and soda as well as for dry products such as motor oil and shampoo. Bottles are made from a wide variety of materials and go through a complicated manufacturing process to end up as the bottles we find in stores, in our cars, at work, in restaurants or in our homes.

The most common materials for making plastic bottles are PET, PP, PE and HDPE. Each of these materials has advantages and disadvantages, and they can be molded using different manufacturing techniques.

Plastic is a family of organic polymers that consist of long molecular chains linked together. When in its raw state it is soft enough to be molded into the desired shape, but when cooled becomes hard and stable. Bottles are manufactured by reheating and blow molding, co-extrusion blow molding, injection molding, reheat and stretch blow molding and extrusion blow molding.

Until recently, the vast majority of plastic used for bottles was PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate). Today, it is less common to see PET bottles and more often to find HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) bottles. HDPE is a more durable material and can be produced at a lower cost than PET.

HDPE is produced by reacting ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid, a monomer obtained from petroleum hydrocarbons and natural gas. The resulting material is translucent to opaque, has good chemical resistance and excellent strength characteristics. It also has very low water vapor absorption and can be heated to high temperatures without deformation or degradation.

When selecting a bottle for your baby, it is important to consider what your infant eats over 24 hours for a target volume and to store some volumes that are a bit smaller than the expected amount for the first couple of days. This will ensure that you have a bottle available when baby is hungry and will allow you to gradually increase the size of your supply.

Another consideration is what type of bottle to use. If possible, it is best to select a bottle that will be easy to clean. Generally this means a bottle that has a very wide neck and fewer parts. This will make it easier to remove the nipple and rinse out the interior of the bottle.

Other considerations include whether the bottle is a single or two piece design, how the nipple fits on the neck and what type of finish and label are used. These items will be discussed in more detail in the article, Bottle Finishes and Labels.

Keyed mold – A variant of the hinge mold in which the bottom mold seam is not straight but instead arches up at the base of the bottle (see the image to the right). This feature is more commonly seen on hand-made bottles with outside screw threads, as well as canning/fruit jars and a few machine-made bottles. It can also be found on two-piece hinge bottles that are marked with a pontil mark superimposed over the bottom mold seam, which dates them to about 1860 (see the Bottle Bases page).

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Work is an essential part of the physical world – think about horses pulling a plow through a field, fathers pushing grocery carts down aisles, freshman lifting a backpack full of books above her head, weightlifter launching the shot-put – but it also has its place in the mental and organizational realms. For instance, it can be hard to produce quality work when you’re constantly checking your phone and answering emails, even if the task is exciting or interesting. That’s because work requires a deep level of focus and engagement that is not easily achieved with constant distractions.

Fortunately, there are ways to overcome the distractions and get back to doing great work. One of the best is to embrace “deep work” which involves putting down your phone, eliminating interruptions and dedicating time and space for focused, productive, high-quality work. This is especially important for projects that require you to think deeply and creatively.

The scientific definition of work is quite simple – whenever a force causes a displacement, energy is transferred from the object to the force. The unit for measuring work is the joule (J). For example, if a force of 10 newtons (F) is applied over a distance of 2 metres (s), the amount of work done on the object is equal to F * s = (10 N) * (2 m) = 20 J.

Another way to understand work is by considering it as a vector quantity. Since the displacement and the direction of the force are related, the magnitude of the work done can be inverted by multiplying both the force and the displacement by the cosine of the angle between them. This means that the more the distance of the displacement is away from the direction of the force, the less the amount of work is done. Conversely, if the displacement is parallel to the direction of the force, the amount of work is equal to the magnitude of the force.

In addition, if the direction of the force is perpendicular to the displacement, the work done is zero. For instance, the centripetal force exerted by a pully on a ball moving in a circular motion exerts no work on the ball.

Finally, the work done on a point that moves along a curve C is given by the integral W = C F d x mathbf F cdot mathbf v dt, where the small amount of work dW happens over each instant dt of the path C. This makes the integration path dependent, rather than point independent. For example, the gravitational force of an object that is displaced upwards or downwards by a vertical distance y2 – y1 does no work in either direction. The work is purely vertical. This is known as the law of conservation of linear momentum.

If you ask most couples what their most memorable sexual moments were, they probably share stories of really good sex or orgasms that made them feel connected. However, sex is only part of love making. The other part is the emotional intimacy that comes with it. If you want to build a deeper connection with your partner, you need to know how to make love. This is where many people get confused. They often use the terms ‘making love’ and ‘having sex’ interchangeably, but they have different meanings. Making love reflects the feeling of affection associated with sexual intercourse, while having sex refers to general sexual interaction without any attachment or emotion.

A person may have sex with a stranger, a casual hook-up or even their own partner if they do not have any romantic feelings for them. This type of sex is usually motivated by lust rather than affection or love, and it does not bring the couple closer together. It is important to understand the difference between the two because it can impact your emotional and physical well-being.

Making love is a form of emotional intimacy that is often followed by intimate talks. It involves a lot of body contact and full-body attention. In addition, a man who loves you will maintain eye contact during intimate moments. This will show that he cares about you and is not just interested in your genitalia.

Many couples who are in a long-term relationship consider themselves to be making love frequently, which can be a sign of a strong emotional bond between the partners. This intimacy can also help them overcome problems that arise during sex and in bed. However, some people may feel that making love is too hard to do and think that it is impossible. The truth is that anyone can do it if they have the right mindset and prepare themselves for it.

One of the most difficult parts of love making is getting rid of inhibitions and fears that keep you from expressing your feelings. If you can do that, you will be able to open up your heart to your partner and create a more loving and passionate sex life. Intimacy is a key component of love making, and it is essential to your relationship’s health.

It is important to learn how to make love with your partner if you want to have a fulfilling life. It is a process that requires patience and commitment. Practicing romantic rituals outside of the bedroom can be helpful to build anticipation before you go to bed. It is also important to communicate with your partner about what you enjoy and do not enjoy in bed. This will ensure that you are both satisfied in the end. You can even try out different positions to see what works best for you.

A bottle is a glass, plastic or metal container that has a neck that is smaller than the body and accepts a screw-type cap, snap cap or other closure. This type of container has a capacity that is less than five gallons and is intended for use as a single-service bottle.

Bottles are used for a wide variety of products. The most common is carbonated soft drink bottles (like 2-liter soda containers), but you’ll also find glass containers for juice, beer, mouthwash, salad dressing, detergent and cleaners. Plastic bottles are widely used for water as well. The most common types of plastic are polyethylene terephthalate (#1 PET, or PET) and polycarbonate (#7 PC). Both are extremely durable and lightweight. They are a good choice for water as they can be easily carried and can withstand repeated impacts. They are also easy to recycle.

Glass is a material with an extraordinary range of properties and applications. From the earliest glassware to modern fiber optic cables, glass has played a vital role in shaping our daily lives. The unique properties of glass are the result of a complex interaction between the silica particles and oxygen in a molten state. These interactions give rise to a physical structure that is not found in any other material.

In addition to the general physical characteristics of a bottle (see the Glossary Page for definitions) bottles have many idiosyncratic features that distinguish them from other glass objects such as glasses, bowls and jars. Many of these characteristics can be seen when viewing a bottle closely or by using a magnifying lens. Bottles that have a number of these distinctive characteristics are considered collector oriented and therefore of great interest.

This page is dedicated to providing a reference for these bottle idiosyncrasies and features. It includes both definitions of terms that are commonly understood and collector jargon which may be unfamiliar to the average person.

Bottle Morphology

A molded finish is a glass surface that has been molded into the shape of the bottle with a mold or machine tool. The resulting finished surface is usually smooth with no molding marks. During the early to mid 20th century most bottle production was done by machine using an open mold. This type of mold formed the base, body and usually (depending on era) the shoulder and most/all of the neck with the finish conformation being applied after the bottle was blown.

A free-blown bottle was a bottle made without the aid of a mold. The bottle was blown and manipulated by hand and/or tools to shape the glass to the desired form. Often the glass was shaped with the use of a pontil rod which was a long iron rod used to hold and manipulate the hot glass when finishing it. This technique was the ancestor of the rotary bottle machines. See the Glossary page for definitions of other terms.

When you were in school, if your teachers were any good, you probably got a lesson on the nature of energy. They will have told you that energy is the ability to do work. Then, to make sure you understood it, they will have spelled out the technical definition of work. It is the product of force over displacement. The physics unit of measurement for this is called the joule, but it should never be confused with newton meters, which should be reserved for torque (which is the cross product of force and displacement).

Work is something that only one object can do on another; it can’t be done by an isolated system. It changes the amount of mechanical and internal energy that a body or system possesses. This is how we get things like speed from throwing a ball. The hand that throws the ball has done work on it, which gives it kinetic energy.

The simplest case of work is when an object is moved along a straight path. For constant forces aligned with the direction of motion, work is equal to the product of the force strength and the distance traveled. If the directional forces are equal, then the work is zero. If the directional forces are different, then the work can be positive or negative.

In the general case of non-linear systems with multiple degrees of freedom, work can be complicated to calculate. However, the principle of conservation of linear and angular momentum applies to the situation. If the forces are conservative, then the work done on an object can be calculated as minus its change in momentum Ek, which is proportional to its linear and angular velocity.

Some examples of work include:

Work has a lot of emotional resonance and can be used in ways that suggest an effort or exertion that may be hard on the body, the mind, or a machine. The words labor, travail, toil, and drudgery all conjure up images of strenuous activity that can be fatiguing and draining. Work is also used to describe any purposeful activity, whether remunerative or not. It can be the activity of a career, a hobby, or a pursuit that we pursue for its own sake.

For organizations, redefining work can empower people to find more meaning and passion in what they do, leading to higher employee retention and productivity, which are both good for business. But a more important effect can be felt in the way that it transforms employees into owners of their own lives, who feel more invested in their jobs and less prone to absenteeism. This, in turn, creates more stability and fewer headaches for employers. In fact, a study found that working from home reduces absenteeism by 41%.

The phrase “making love” is widely used in the sense of sexual intimacy, and it may be used in reference to a romantic relationship. However, many people also use the term in more casual contexts. For example, they may refer to a couple engaging in foreplay before having sex.

Making love can be an incredible experience for couples who want to create a loving, nurturing and intimate bond in their relationship. It can be a time to express feelings, and it can help couples learn to communicate better with one another. It can be a powerful tool to strengthen your relationship and make it more fulfilling.

During sex, the release of hormones, including oxytocin and endorphins, can enhance feelings of contentment and joy. It can also boost the immune system, increasing antibodies that fight off infection. The physical activity involved in sex can also increase muscle tone, and improve bladder control for women.

However, it is important to distinguish between making love and just having sex. Having sex can involve any type of sexual intercourse, including those with strangers, friends or casual partners. Making love, on the other hand, is generally reserved for sexual intercourse with a lover, spouse or beloved.

In a relationship, it is common for men and women to have wild sexual escapades and think that they have made love. In reality, this can be very different from creating an emotional connection that allows true love to develop. To truly make love, you must be willing to let go of your inhibitions and fears, and allow yourself to be penetrated. This can be difficult for some people to do, especially if they are not comfortable with the sensations of sex.

One of the best ways to make love is to be affectionate and show your partner that you care about them outside the bedroom. A strong, intimate connection can help you build trust and sex will be more enjoyable for both of you.

A healthy libido is vital to making love and maintaining a happy, fulfilling relationship. It is a good idea to engage in foreplay before having sex, which can include touching, cuddling and kissing. Intimate communication and eye contact are also important during the making of love, as this can deepen the bond between you and your partner. In addition, you should try to make love at least once a week, as this can help keep your libido high. If you are having difficulty bringing your partner to the bedroom, talk to them about what is holding them back and try to come up with solutions together. This will be much more meaningful than merely focusing on satisfying your own needs in the bed.

A bottle is a container for holding liquids and semi-solids, such as food, beverages, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, or cosmetics. A bottle can be made from a variety of materials, including glass, plastics, and metals. A bottle can have a variety of shapes and sizes, from small to large. Bottles can be manufactured by a number of methods, such as blow molding, reheat and blow molding, co-extrusion blow molding, injection molding, and others. Bottles can be made from a wide range of chemical compositions and may use different types of closures.

The word “bottle” can also be used figuratively to refer to a person or an event. In cockney rhyming slang, a “bottle” is an arse; thus, to lose your bottle is to be embarrassed or ashamed. Similarly, a naval officer might say that someone has been “bottled up,” referring to a reprimand (see the Dictionary of Cockney and South London Slang entry below).

Probably the most widely known type of glass bottle is the clear, cylindrical vessel that holds wine or spirits. The word “bottle” is also applied to other containers of varying sizes and materials, such as bottles that hold juice, beer, milk, oil, and other foodstuffs. Bottles can be made of glass, plastic, or metal and may be used for storing either hot or cold liquids. Bottles can be shaped in a variety of ways, depending on the type of product they contain, the amount of product stored, and other factors.

In the early 20th century, a revolutionary new bottle material appeared — polyethylene terephthalate, or PET — plastic. PET plastic is a durable and lightweight material that can be molded into many different kinds of bottles and other containers. Bottles made of PET are now widely used for a wide variety of products, from food and beverage to pharmaceuticals.

The PET bottle was first developed in 1941 by a researcher at the DuPont Corporation. It was the result of years of experimenting with the blow-molding process, which had been in use since the late 19th century. The breakthrough came when chemists at DuPont discovered how to make PET from the fossil fuel ethylene (ethylene), and how to create a plastic that would be resistant to damage, odors, and abrasions.

A PET bottle is an excellent example of how modern technology can help solve long-standing problems with manufacturing and using certain products. Until the introduction of PET, most bottles were made of glass or metal. The new PET bottle introduced a new, economical and convenient way of storing products like milk and juice that had previously been stored in cardboard cartons. The invention of the PET bottle revolutionized packaging for products such as these and has helped to make life easier for millions of people. The PET bottle has also made a significant contribution to environmental sustainability and is an important part of the global recycling effort. The PET bottle has become a symbol of the progress of science and technology, and it will undoubtedly continue to shape future society in new and exciting ways.

Work takes up a large portion of people’s lives and is an important part of the economy. It provides people with a way to earn money to live and the opportunity to achieve their goals. However, work is much more than a means to an end. It affects our self-image and our identity. It can provide a sense of stability and security, which can be helpful in stressful times. It can also provide a sense of meaning and purpose, which can help people feel more fulfilled.

But while many leaders and thought leaders are engaged in a rich conversation about the future of work, they seem to miss one important question: What is work?

Often, when companies talk about the future of work, they use a narrow definition that focuses on skills, such as the ability to identify and solve problems. This approach, while valuable in its own right, is limited and doesn’t capture the full potential of work. In order to truly transform the future of work, organizations must reimagine what work is and how it gets done. This will require a significant change in management systems, work environments, operations, leadership and management capabilities, performance management and compensation, and other human capital practices.

In physics, work is the amount of energy transferred to an object when a force causes a displacement of that object. This can be expressed mathematically as W = F (d / f) and is typically measured in units of joule or kilocalories, which are the same as those used to measure energy in other systems such as mechanical, thermal, or electrical.

The work an object does is related to its mass and the distance it is displaced. The greater the mass of the object and the smaller the distance, the more work it does. For example, a 100-kg person pushing a can of soup 0.600 m down a slope does more work than a 20-kg person pushing the same can up a slope because the weight of the person is a greater proportion of the total distance travelled.

The work that an individual does can have many psychological and personal impacts, both good and bad. It can give a person a sense of meaning and purpose, which is particularly important in challenging times, or it can erode self-worth and leave them feeling unfulfilled. In the worst cases, it can snuff out passions, destroy relationships, and lead to feelings of cynicism. In the best, it can build discipline, wisdom, and skill. For all of these reasons, the question of what work is is worth asking not just for executives and think tanks, but for individuals as well.

Making love is sexual intimacy that involves more than just a physical connection. It also encompasses an emotional connection that reflects a bond of mutual respect and trust. It’s a time to relax and let your guard down while enjoying the sensual pleasure of touching, massaging and kissing. It’s a time to enjoy your partner’s touch, scent and mouth with the ultimate goal of satisfying each other sexually. It’s a time for orgasms that are both physical and spiritual.

When people talk about “making love,” it is often synonymous with “having sex.” However, this is not always the case. Having sex refers to general sexual intercourse with any person. This can be a partner, spouse or beloved, while making love implies sexual intercourse with someone that you have a special bond with. It reflects affection for the person and not just an urge for sexual intercourse.

The difference between the two is that making love relates to an intimate and emotional bond with your partner while having sex simply focuses on physical satisfaction. The key to making love is communication. By talking about your needs and expectations, you can ensure that both of you will be happy with the outcome of your sexual experience. Make sure that you are prepared for your sexual encounter by dressing in lingerie that makes you feel beautiful and by lighting a scented candle to create an intimate atmosphere. It’s important to communicate what you want from your partner before and during the act to avoid any confusion.

Many couples confuse really good sex for making love, but there is a fine line between lust and desire and love. The act of making love is one of the most sacred rituals that human beings have in common. It is a time to honor each other’s bodies as equals and to connect with the spirit of the other. It is a sacred experience of seamless solidarity and union.

A man who loves you will be willing to take risks and explore new sex positions, try out sex toys and do anything else that will help to deepen your intimacy with him. He will be completely focused on you and will not be distracted by his thoughts or other people. This is a sign of genuine love and shows that you can trust him.

You can tell if you’re making love by the way your partner acts during and after the act. You will see him or her smiling, blushing and acting in ways that express their emotions. You will hear them moan and groan and you will be touched by their body language as they caress and stroke yours. If you are able to communicate with your partner and understand each other’s needs, you will be able to enjoy a deeper level of sexual intimacy than you ever imagined possible. Download Relish to get full access to expert relationship coaches, therapist approved quizzes and more, free for one week.

A container, usually cylindrical with a narrow neck and a wider body, for holding liquids or other materials. It may be decorated or otherwise embellished with a wide variety of design and decoration techniques to enhance the beauty and value of the bottle and its contents. Also known as a flask, jug or pot. The word is most often used in reference to a small glass vessel for beverage purposes but can apply to other containers as well. See the Bottle Typology page for more details.

Applied color label – A common way to decorate or label a bottle by painting, etching or engraving with mineral or organge pigments in a thermoplastic medium that is baked in the furnace to form a durable surface. It was commonly called “enameling” or “fire-fused” (now mostly referred to as pyroglazing) in the past but more recently is also referred to as applied color lettering, painted or printed labels and painted bottles. See the Bottle Decoration page for more details.

Decolorizing – A process of neutralizing or eliminating iron and carbonaceous impurities in the glass mix or batch to produce clear or colorless glass. Historically, it was accomplished by adding selenium, manganese dioxide and/or arsenic. The addition of these substances was referred to by early glassmakers as “glassmakers’ soap” as they were capable of removing many of the unwanted elements from a bottle resulting in a higher quality bottle (White 1978).

Hinge mold base

A type of two-piece glass mold in which the base plate section is attached directly to the heel portion of the body and bisected the side mold seam. Typically, these bottles have no pontil mark superimposed on the side mold seam and are considered to be free-blown. See the Bottle Bases page for pictures of examples.

Ground rim/lip bottle – A finish on which the top surface has been hand ground to enhance sealing and closure fit. Generally found on hand-made bottles with outside screw-threads – especially canning and fruit jars. The term is also used in reference to other types of hand-made bottles with a flat bottom lip which has been hand ground – like the round utility bottle finishes shown on the Bottle Bases page.

Ghost seams – The lightly imprinted, meandering mold seams on the body, neck and sometimes base of a machine-made bottle that are caused by distortion of the parison as it is expanded in the second blow mold. The appearance of these seams on the body, neck and/or base is conclusive evidence that a bottle was made by machine rather than being mouth-blown. See the Machine-made Bottles page for more details.

Glossary

This glossary contains a collection of bottle related terminology that is either collector based, technical glassmaking jargon or a mixture of both. Where appropriate, definitions and references will be provided for each entry. Terms whose meanings are well understood within the collector community at large but are not widely accepted in glassmaking circles will be identified as such.