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A bottle is a narrow-necked container made of an impermeable material in various shapes and sizes that stores and transports liquid substances. It is usually sealed either internally with a stopper or externally with a closure. A bottle can also be used to store or preserve dry products. The term is sometimes extended to refer to a receptacle for holding liquids such as soap or medicine. Bottles can be affixed to a lid or other type of closure to provide an airtight seal and prevent leaking, or they can be topped with a cork.

Bottles have been made of glass, wood, stone and other materials since ancient times. Plastic bottles were first developed in the early twentieth century and now are an important part of human life, used for food, drink, medicines and other substances, both solids and liquids. There are many different types of plastic, each with its own specific properties. A few common examples include high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC or vinyl), and polypropylene (PP).

Plastic bottles are produced through a variety of manufacturing processes including injection molding, reheat and blow molding, co-extrusion blow molding, and extrusion blow molding. The most important factor in designing a plastic bottle is aligning the manufacturing technique with the desired bottle design and final application of the bottle.

Some bottle physical characteristics are easier to visualize than describe. For this reason, pictures and illustrations are often used to illustrate some bottle features. If a picture is available for a particular bottle feature, it will appear to the right of its description if you click on it. If you would like to see more pictures for a particular bottle feature, please visit the General Bottle Morphology page.

Applied finish (or lip) – A molded surface on the neck of a bottle that resembles the top of a barrel or the tip of a snifter. The Applied finish is not to be confused with the more commonly encountered sheared finishes on older bottles which were created by cutting a shearing tool into the bottle to remove slivers of finished glass from around the mouth. (Click applied finish for an illustration)

Calabash – A large, gourd or pear shaped bottle popular during the mid 19th century. The name presumably derives from the resemblance of these bottles to the hard shelled fruit of the tropical American “calabash tree” – Crescentia cujete. See the Bottle Shapes typology page for more information on calabash bottles.

Bakelite – An early phenolic thermosetting plastic invented in 1927 (Berge 1980). This was the first plastic to be used for bottle closures but was also used on thousands of other items such as billiard balls, phonograph records and telephone and radio cases.

Dimple – A molded depression or hole on the bottle neck into which the lever wire of a toggle closure device is hooked. It is also called a yoke or a bail. Click Dimple to view a picture of this bottle feature.

The word work is most often associated with being employed at a job, but it can also refer to any task that requires effort. For example, when you spend time studying for an exam, improving your general knowledge, or engaging in hobbies, you’re doing work. Work can even include household chores like cooking, cleaning, or doing yard work. The amount of work you do will depend on the effort required to perform each task, as well as your motivation and energy level.

In the scientific sense, work is defined as a force acting on an object and changing its displacement. This change in displacement is measured by the product of the force strength and the distance traveled. This type of work can be positive, negative, or zero. The direction of the displacement is important because it determines whether the work done is increasing or decreasing the system’s energy. For example, friction and air drag on a moving vehicle can cause the system’s energy to decrease, which is negative work.

An example of positive work is pushing a heavy object across the floor. The force required to push the object is equal to its mass times the acceleration due to gravity, which is the amount of work needed to overcome the resistance to motion. The total amount of work is the net change in the kinetic energy of the object, or W = FD.

The SI unit of work is the joule (J), named after English physicist James Prescott Joule (1818-1889). Other units used to measure work are the newton-metre, erg, calorie, foot-pound, and kilowatt hour. Because work is a form of energy, it is sometimes used in the same context as heat or energy.

Most of the things we think of as hard work, such as writing an essay or lifting a box, are not actually work in the scientific sense. However, when you are motivated to do something, work can seem easy. This is because the harder you work, the more your brain will associate that effort with its rewards.

In addition, people who work harder are more likely to find satisfaction in their jobs and be productive at it. If you want to increase your productivity, try to focus on one project at a time. If you attempt to multitask, you’ll be slower and less likely to finish any of the tasks you start. Similarly, don’t be afraid to ask for help on a project you don’t know how to do. This will enable you to work smarter and avoid the frustration of wasting your efforts on something you can’t do. Work on projects you are interested in, challenged by, and good at. This will improve your motivation and efficiency, as well as the quality of your results. In the end, your work will benefit you and others. Hopefully it will also leave you with the discipline, wisdom, and skill you need to build a meaningful life.

When you’re in love with someone, it feels like the whole world is yours. It’s a wonderful feeling that you want to last forever. However, just like many things in life, it isn’t necessarily a guarantee that your relationship will last. The key to making your love last a lifetime is prioritizing your partner, communicating effectively, and continuously working on your relationship.

What is the difference between having sex and making love? There are some people that believe that having sex is simply satisfying a physical urge, while making love involves more than just the physical aspect of sexual intercourse. They also believe that making love is more intimate with the person you’re with. This includes not only physical contact but also emotional and mental intimacy.

The best way to know if your partner is making love is to pay attention to the things they do for you during sex. For example, if they take their time to kiss you all over and don’t just focus on the usual places, such as your genitals, then it’s a good sign. They may also take their time to thrust you slowly and passionately. This is a great way to show that they’re not just interested in getting down and dirty but also in enjoying every part of you, especially the parts you might try to hide from them or are afraid to show anyone else.

Another thing to watch for is whether your partner is asking you questions about what you’re experiencing or asking how it feels. This is a sign that they care about you and are interested in what you’re saying during sex. They are probably also paying close attention to what they’re doing and will make sure that they don’t hurt you or that you’re uncomfortable at any point in the process.

You may also notice that they are talking about you during sex, telling you romantic stuff, and saying how much they love you. They will also likely cuddle with you after sex instead of withdrawing or falling asleep immediately. These are all signs that they’re making love with you.

Making love with your partner can be done in any romantic setting, but it’s usually most effective at home. You can dim the lights, put on some soft music, and light a couple of scented candles. You should also get dressed in sexy lingerie and dab on a little perfume. All of these things will help to set the mood and make it more sensual.

A lot of people think that making love is only about the physical part of the interaction, but it’s really so much more than that. Making love is about connecting with your partner emotionally and physically, and it can be just as exciting and pleasurable as having sex. Just be careful not to confuse the two, as this could cause problems in your relationship.

A bottle is a narrow-necked glass container of various shapes and sizes used to store and transport liquids. The mouth of the bottle is usually sealed with a cork or a closure. Bottles are often decorated with labels and can be identified by the number, size, and shape of the mold marks or by a ground-rim/lip finish. Bottles are often made of transparent or translucent glass. Bottles are primarily designed for use with alcoholic beverages and some household products but are also used for medicines, perfumes, and other items. Bottles may be produced by hand or by machine.

The following list of terms is provided to help with understanding some of the terminology used throughout this web site and in collector jargon. Some of the terms are easier to see than describe and many are explained in pictures on the General Bottle Morphology page. Click the terms in bold italics for more information and/or a picture or illustration.

Mold seams – The meandering “ghost” like mold seams on the body, neck, and base of machine-made bottles from a parison (two-piece) mold. These seams are conclusive evidence of machine manufacture. Also referred to as suction scars, Parison mold lines, and a similar term, parting lines.

Ground rim/lip – A finish on a hand-made bottle that has been ground on the top surface to enhance sealing and closure fit. This is most commonly seen on older canning jars and on hand-made bottles with outside screw threads. It is sometimes inaccurately referred to as a ring, lip, or heel.

A blown bottle – A glass bottle that has not been made by a press-mold or by the blowpipe of a semi or fully automatic machine. Bottles of this type were traditionally shaped and finished by the maker using the air pressure applied to the bottle by the mouth. Also known as a mouth-blown bottle or hand-made bottle.

Iron pontil scar – The mark left on the base of a bottle by the end of a red hot iron pontil rod. The scar is generally circular though it can be oblong, oval, square or rectangular. The scar is frequently covered or embedded with a black or gray deposit of ferric oxide, known as a pontil mark. Alternatively, it is referred to in collector jargon as a “graphite” or “improved” pontil mark.

Deterioration – The processes and appearance of chemical or mechanical degradation of glass to the point that it is no longer suitable for its intended purpose. The deterioration can lead to breakage, cracking and chipping as well as loss of transparency or luster. Also referred to as wear, devitrification, and patination.

Cockney rhyming slang meaning “arse” or lose your bottle. “Bottle it” is a variation of this term. Also see the crockney slang page.

Work — and the ways in which we engage with it – have the potential to change the world. It can provide us with discipline, wisdom, skill and relationships that shape the course of our lives. It can help us feel accomplished and rewarded, even as it often drains our time, energy and passions. Whether we have fond memories of the mentors who taught us, the positions that stretched our limits, or the times it has jaded us and made us cynical, the way we use our bodies, minds, energies at work shapes our identities.

But work can also create problems, especially for frontline employees. This is why redefining work has become such a major focus of thought leadership and debate. To do this, we must first understand what it is and why it matters.

The scientific definition of work is: “The amount of energy transferred from one place to another or from one form to another.” The SI unit for work is the joule (J), which is equal to a force of 1 newton applied over a displacement of 1 meter. In everyday life, we rarely think about the process of doing work – the horse pulling a plow through the field, a parent pushing a shopping cart through the supermarket, a freshman lifting a heavy bag over her head, an Olympian throwing a shot-put. But these examples are actually a good example of work, because they have three key ingredients: force, displacement and cause.

For complex systems that undergo motion that is not one-way or in two or three dimensions, it is necessary to divide the motion into a series of one-way, one-dimensional segments and find the small amount of work done over each segment. This is done by solving an integral equation that takes into account both the force and the velocity of the system over time dt. The result is the area under the curve of the force vs. displacement graph.

The important thing to remember is that this definition of work applies to any system with momentum, not just a physical body. That is why we use a variety of measurement units for work, including the joule and the erg. Sometimes, we even use units typically reserved for heat or energy content, such as the calorie and the kilocalorie.

In general, the formula for finding the work of a system is dW = Fs dt. This is a path integral. To do the same work in two consecutive time intervals, we double the amount of force and then double the distance traveled. For example, it would take twice as much work to lift a weight of 100 pounds over the head as it did to raise it 50 yards. The same principle is true when we are analyzing an angular motion, such as the rotation of a shaft or the compression or rotary motion of internal particles in a mechanical system. This is why we speak of the “work of a system” when discussing angular motion, rather than simply “work.” The term is more accurate in this case because it includes all of the work that must be done to cause the movement.

Creating a love that lasts a lifetime requires more than just sex. Being emotionally connected, embracing new experiences, and regularly expressing affection can help couples stay frisky in and out of the bedroom. Adding new sensual activities, exploring fantasies together, or even introducing a sensual massage can also bring more romance to long-term relationships. Keeping the spark alive in bed is key to making it last a lifetime, so try different things to spice up your romance and see what works best for you and your partner.

The term “making love” can mean many different things to people, depending on their personal beliefs and experiences in life. For some, it means simply engaging in sexual intercourse with someone that they are romantically interested in or care about, regardless of whether or not there is any emotional connection between them. For others, it’s about the experience itself – a more passionate, intimate, and sensual interaction than what you might expect from a regular sex session. This can involve foreplay, arousal, and an almost telepathic connection between two lovers that goes beyond just the carnal pleasure.

It can also include more elaborate activities, like experimenting with new sex positions or techniques, creating an erotic environment with candles and mirrors, or giving each other sensual massages. The most important thing is to make sure that your partner knows that you care, that you’re there for them, and that they can feel safe with you. Make eye contact, speak softly, and touch lightly. If you are unsure what they want or need, ask them. They will appreciate your attentiveness and are likely to reciprocate.

In many cases, a man who enjoys making love will be open to trying new things in the bedroom and may even encourage you to push yourself harder. He will likely have a strong sense of responsibility to ensure that everything is safe and comfortable for both of you. He will also be attentive to his partner and listen to what she wants, needs, and likes.

Foreplay is a great way to set the mood for intimacy, so don’t be afraid to go slow and enjoy every stroke of her body. He will feel your passion, and she will want to return it with the same intensity. Slow thrusts build intensity and will be much more satisfying than a fast thrust. Make sure to look at her eyes and hold her close so that she feels your love and desire for her.

It’s a good idea to take note of how often you and your partner engage in each of these activities. If you can identify patterns in the data, celebrate those areas where you’re connecting on a deeper level and become curious about the ones that need improvement. The more you understand how to make love, the better it will be for your relationship. With a little work, you can have the romantic connection you’ve always dreamed of.

A glass bottle is a container for holding liquids. Bottles can be made of many materials but glass is particularly suitable because it combines strength and durability with good optical transparency. In addition, glass can be manipulated and refined to a large degree to satisfy specific functional requirements. As a result, bottles have been produced in many shapes and sizes with a wide variety of closures, all of which are designed to seal the contents securely and to prevent leakage. Bottles can be manufactured by various processes but the most common is blow-molding, a method that allows for the production of high volume bottles at low cost. Plastics have also been used for bottles, but glass remains the material of choice in most applications due to its superior properties.

The term “bottle” can refer to any container that contains a beverage or other liquid such as milk, water, juice or alcohol. The bottle can also refer to a container for industrial, pharmaceutical and personal care products. Glass is the primary material used for manufacturing bottles, although metals can also be employed. A wide variety of chemicals are added to glass during its manufacture to give it the desired physical and chemical characteristics. Glass is a complex compound composed of many different elements and compounds including silicates, oxides, hydroxides and halides. Bottle glass is a highly refined version of glass that requires a higher percentage of silicates and oxides to produce than does window glass or sheet glass.

Applied color label (ACL) – A technique of marking, lettering and decorating a bottle by applying mineral or organ pigments with a very low melting point that are baked in a furnace to fuse the colors to the surface of the glass. This process is sometimes also referred to as pyroglazing, pyro, enameling, fire-fused and painted labeling.

Base plate (baffle plate) – A plate that forms part of the blank or parison mold on an automatic and semi-automatic bottle making machine that causes an off-center, incised baffle mark on the bases of some machine-made bottles. This feature is much better illustrated by a picture than by description – see the Bottle Bases page for an example.

Full sized bottle mold – A glass bottle mold that is the exact size and shape of a finished bottle. An inflated gather is placed into the full sized mold and expanded until the outside surface of the gather conforms to the inside surfaces of the bottle body, shoulder and heel or neck/finish areas. A full sized mold usually forms most or all of the bottles base, body, shoulder and sometimes neck/finish. A full sized mold can also be referred to as a “full rim” or a “standard bottle” (Tooley 1953).

Lehr – A kiln or furnace where newly blown bottles were gradually reheated and cooled to enhance their strength and reduce cooling breakage. A lehr was often tended by a person who was known as a lear tender.

The concept of work is evolving (Schab, 2016). Increasingly, workers are seeking more meaningful and purposeful work that aligns with their values and passions. This has resulted in a major shakeup of workplace dynamics and the traditional view of what it means to do a job. This change has also contributed to uncertainty about future employment and careers, a lack of confidence in the concept of long-term career stability, and eroded worker loyalty to their employers.

While many definitions of work focus on the creation of economic products and values that can be consumed in the future, there is a growing body of literature that suggests that this narrow definition of work is inadequate to describe what it really means to do work. As such, a broad multidisciplinary revisiting of the notion of work is needed.

Work is the process of transferring energy into or out of a system. It can be done on any system with mass, including people. The amount of work done on the system is the product of the force exerted and the distance over which the force acts. The unit for work is the joule, which is equal to the work exerted on a mass times its acceleration. For example, the work required to lift a kilogram of weight uphill against gravity is 0.5 joules. This is because the upward force of gravity is equal to the kilogram’s weight times its acceleration.

In physics, work is an important physical concept that reveals the interplay of force and displacement. For an object to do work, it must be displaced, and the relative directions of the force and displacement determine whether the work is positive, negative, or zero. A book falling off a table onto the ground does work because the downward force of gravity is greater than the book’s weight and reaches down to the book, causing it to be displaced in a downward direction.

The value of an activity largely depends on the meaning it has for the person performing it. While this is obvious for activities like eating or sleeping, it is less clear for more complex activities such as the creation of a painting or a computer program. Moreover, the value of such activities may be diminished when the person performing them feels that they no longer enjoy or appreciate it.

While the desire for more meaningful work is driving significant changes to how and where we do work, it is critical that companies recognize that reskilling employees or replacing repetitive tasks with automation won’t provide the desired results. Instead, redefining work itself has the potential to expand value for workers and customers alike. This requires cultivating and drawing on intrinsic human capabilities to undertake work for fundamentally different purposes, rather than just to meet short-term productivity aims. To achieve this, it is necessary to understand what work is, and why it has been defined as such in the past. This article provides a chronology of the evolution of the notion of work and proposes a path forward towards a more holistic definition of this important human function.

Making love is a very intimate act. It is a very emotional experience and it is usually done by couples who are in love. It can be one of the most important moments in a relationship and it shows a lot of commitment and care. This is why it can be such a rewarding experience for couples when they have the opportunity to make love together.

Some people may confuse’making love’ with ‘having sex’ because they are often used interchangeably. However, there is a big difference between the two. Making love is a very romantic and intimate act that is meant to bring couples closer together both physically and emotionally. Having sex is more about self-gratification and it can be a way to satisfy an orgasm.

‘Making love’ is an intimate process and it usually involves lots of touch, fondling, massage and kissing. It can also involve deep eye contact and a very intense sexual experience. In addition, making love can be more of a drawn out process that includes foreplay and is usually followed by passionate foreplay. The intimacy that is created during this time can be very healing for many couples.

Some of the things that help to create a loving and intimate environment for making love include dim lighting, soothing music, scented candles and clean sheets. It is also a good idea to dress in a romantic outfit that makes you feel confident and seductive. A dab of perfume can help to set the mood as well. In addition to this, it is important for the couple to spend some time alone before they get into bed. This is a great time to talk about their feelings and how they want to be loved during this time.

There is no right or wrong way to make love. Every couple has their own special ways of connecting and this is what makes it so unique. It is also important for a couple to communicate during making love so they can find the best way to connect with each other.

When a man is truly in love with you, he will do whatever it takes to make you happy during sex and he will do the same during making love. He will be very careful when he is stroking your body and will never hurt you during this time. He will also be very affectionate and tell you sweet and romantic things. He will always be checking in on you to see if you are feeling comfortable and if you are having a good time.

Ultimately, the difference between making love and having sex is a matter of personal preference and how the couple feels about each other. In order to be in love, you must have a strong emotional connection with the person that you are sharing these intimate moments with. Once you are sure of your feelings, it is much easier to express them through intimacy.

A bottle is a narrow-necked container of glass or other impermeable material of various shapes and sizes that stores and transports liquids. Bottles can be sealed with an internal stopper, an external bottle cap or closure and/or induction sealing. Bottles are used to package food and beverage, cosmetics and medicines as well as other items for general use. A wide variety of bottle materials exist, with glass and plastics being most common today. Bottles made from plastic are typically formed by blow-molding techniques utilizing either reheat and blow molding or co-extrusion blow molding. Bottles made from a combination of glass and plastic, known as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), are often found in beverage packaging as well as dry products like motor oil and shampoo.

A key distinction of bottles is their shape which can vary greatly depending on the intended use. Bottles can be shaped to be cylindrical, oval, ovoid or rectangular. The neck of the bottle can also be rounded, square or straight, a feature that is especially important to bottles designed to hold thick liquids such as beer and other spirits.

The bottle material can also differ significantly, with glass being the most common, though other materials are used including aluminum and some types of plastics. Aluminum is lightweight and strong, while PVC (polyvinyl chloride) is a type of vinyl plastic which can be molded to make containers and is comparatively inexpensive. PVC can be recycled, but it is not as easily done as PET (polyethylene terephthalate) plastic which is readily recycled.

Glass bottle manufacturing has evolved over time to include a number of different techniques and forming methods which create unique bottle characteristics. These can be seen in the variety of bottle shapes and materials that have been produced over the years.

Bottles are made from a mixture of raw materials that are heated in the glassmaking pot to a molten state, called batch. During the glassmaking process, a gather is taken from the bocca – an opening in the side of the furnace – and placed in the molds to form the body and neck of the bottle.

A specialized type of bottle, the calabash, was so named because it is shaped to resemble the hard shelled gourds of tropical American “calabash” trees – Crescentia cujete – of which there were many during the 1850-1870 period when these were popular bottle/flask forms (see Calabash Bottles/Flasks typology page). Other specialty bottles were often called carboys and are described on the Carboys/Demijohns typology page.

Embossing – raised lettering or designs on the surface of a bottle caused by incising on the mold surfaces during the glassmaking process (see Bottle Body Characteristics & Mold Seams and Embossing pages). See Plate for an illustration.