October 2024

A bottle is a narrow-necked container made of an impermeable material in various shapes and sizes that stores and transports liquid substances. It is usually sealed either internally with a stopper or externally with a closure. A bottle can also be used to store or preserve dry products. The term is sometimes extended to refer to a receptacle for holding liquids such as soap or medicine. Bottles can be affixed to a lid or other type of closure to provide an airtight seal and prevent leaking, or they can be topped with a cork.

Bottles have been made of glass, wood, stone and other materials since ancient times. Plastic bottles were first developed in the early twentieth century and now are an important part of human life, used for food, drink, medicines and other substances, both solids and liquids. There are many different types of plastic, each with its own specific properties. A few common examples include high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC or vinyl), and polypropylene (PP).

Plastic bottles are produced through a variety of manufacturing processes including injection molding, reheat and blow molding, co-extrusion blow molding, and extrusion blow molding. The most important factor in designing a plastic bottle is aligning the manufacturing technique with the desired bottle design and final application of the bottle.

Some bottle physical characteristics are easier to visualize than describe. For this reason, pictures and illustrations are often used to illustrate some bottle features. If a picture is available for a particular bottle feature, it will appear to the right of its description if you click on it. If you would like to see more pictures for a particular bottle feature, please visit the General Bottle Morphology page.

Applied finish (or lip) – A molded surface on the neck of a bottle that resembles the top of a barrel or the tip of a snifter. The Applied finish is not to be confused with the more commonly encountered sheared finishes on older bottles which were created by cutting a shearing tool into the bottle to remove slivers of finished glass from around the mouth. (Click applied finish for an illustration)

Calabash – A large, gourd or pear shaped bottle popular during the mid 19th century. The name presumably derives from the resemblance of these bottles to the hard shelled fruit of the tropical American “calabash tree” – Crescentia cujete. See the Bottle Shapes typology page for more information on calabash bottles.

Bakelite – An early phenolic thermosetting plastic invented in 1927 (Berge 1980). This was the first plastic to be used for bottle closures but was also used on thousands of other items such as billiard balls, phonograph records and telephone and radio cases.

Dimple – A molded depression or hole on the bottle neck into which the lever wire of a toggle closure device is hooked. It is also called a yoke or a bail. Click Dimple to view a picture of this bottle feature.

The word work is most often associated with being employed at a job, but it can also refer to any task that requires effort. For example, when you spend time studying for an exam, improving your general knowledge, or engaging in hobbies, you’re doing work. Work can even include household chores like cooking, cleaning, or doing yard work. The amount of work you do will depend on the effort required to perform each task, as well as your motivation and energy level.

In the scientific sense, work is defined as a force acting on an object and changing its displacement. This change in displacement is measured by the product of the force strength and the distance traveled. This type of work can be positive, negative, or zero. The direction of the displacement is important because it determines whether the work done is increasing or decreasing the system’s energy. For example, friction and air drag on a moving vehicle can cause the system’s energy to decrease, which is negative work.

An example of positive work is pushing a heavy object across the floor. The force required to push the object is equal to its mass times the acceleration due to gravity, which is the amount of work needed to overcome the resistance to motion. The total amount of work is the net change in the kinetic energy of the object, or W = FD.

The SI unit of work is the joule (J), named after English physicist James Prescott Joule (1818-1889). Other units used to measure work are the newton-metre, erg, calorie, foot-pound, and kilowatt hour. Because work is a form of energy, it is sometimes used in the same context as heat or energy.

Most of the things we think of as hard work, such as writing an essay or lifting a box, are not actually work in the scientific sense. However, when you are motivated to do something, work can seem easy. This is because the harder you work, the more your brain will associate that effort with its rewards.

In addition, people who work harder are more likely to find satisfaction in their jobs and be productive at it. If you want to increase your productivity, try to focus on one project at a time. If you attempt to multitask, you’ll be slower and less likely to finish any of the tasks you start. Similarly, don’t be afraid to ask for help on a project you don’t know how to do. This will enable you to work smarter and avoid the frustration of wasting your efforts on something you can’t do. Work on projects you are interested in, challenged by, and good at. This will improve your motivation and efficiency, as well as the quality of your results. In the end, your work will benefit you and others. Hopefully it will also leave you with the discipline, wisdom, and skill you need to build a meaningful life.

When you’re in love with someone, it feels like the whole world is yours. It’s a wonderful feeling that you want to last forever. However, just like many things in life, it isn’t necessarily a guarantee that your relationship will last. The key to making your love last a lifetime is prioritizing your partner, communicating effectively, and continuously working on your relationship.

What is the difference between having sex and making love? There are some people that believe that having sex is simply satisfying a physical urge, while making love involves more than just the physical aspect of sexual intercourse. They also believe that making love is more intimate with the person you’re with. This includes not only physical contact but also emotional and mental intimacy.

The best way to know if your partner is making love is to pay attention to the things they do for you during sex. For example, if they take their time to kiss you all over and don’t just focus on the usual places, such as your genitals, then it’s a good sign. They may also take their time to thrust you slowly and passionately. This is a great way to show that they’re not just interested in getting down and dirty but also in enjoying every part of you, especially the parts you might try to hide from them or are afraid to show anyone else.

Another thing to watch for is whether your partner is asking you questions about what you’re experiencing or asking how it feels. This is a sign that they care about you and are interested in what you’re saying during sex. They are probably also paying close attention to what they’re doing and will make sure that they don’t hurt you or that you’re uncomfortable at any point in the process.

You may also notice that they are talking about you during sex, telling you romantic stuff, and saying how much they love you. They will also likely cuddle with you after sex instead of withdrawing or falling asleep immediately. These are all signs that they’re making love with you.

Making love with your partner can be done in any romantic setting, but it’s usually most effective at home. You can dim the lights, put on some soft music, and light a couple of scented candles. You should also get dressed in sexy lingerie and dab on a little perfume. All of these things will help to set the mood and make it more sensual.

A lot of people think that making love is only about the physical part of the interaction, but it’s really so much more than that. Making love is about connecting with your partner emotionally and physically, and it can be just as exciting and pleasurable as having sex. Just be careful not to confuse the two, as this could cause problems in your relationship.

A bottle is a narrow-necked glass container of various shapes and sizes used to store and transport liquids. The mouth of the bottle is usually sealed with a cork or a closure. Bottles are often decorated with labels and can be identified by the number, size, and shape of the mold marks or by a ground-rim/lip finish. Bottles are often made of transparent or translucent glass. Bottles are primarily designed for use with alcoholic beverages and some household products but are also used for medicines, perfumes, and other items. Bottles may be produced by hand or by machine.

The following list of terms is provided to help with understanding some of the terminology used throughout this web site and in collector jargon. Some of the terms are easier to see than describe and many are explained in pictures on the General Bottle Morphology page. Click the terms in bold italics for more information and/or a picture or illustration.

Mold seams – The meandering “ghost” like mold seams on the body, neck, and base of machine-made bottles from a parison (two-piece) mold. These seams are conclusive evidence of machine manufacture. Also referred to as suction scars, Parison mold lines, and a similar term, parting lines.

Ground rim/lip – A finish on a hand-made bottle that has been ground on the top surface to enhance sealing and closure fit. This is most commonly seen on older canning jars and on hand-made bottles with outside screw threads. It is sometimes inaccurately referred to as a ring, lip, or heel.

A blown bottle – A glass bottle that has not been made by a press-mold or by the blowpipe of a semi or fully automatic machine. Bottles of this type were traditionally shaped and finished by the maker using the air pressure applied to the bottle by the mouth. Also known as a mouth-blown bottle or hand-made bottle.

Iron pontil scar – The mark left on the base of a bottle by the end of a red hot iron pontil rod. The scar is generally circular though it can be oblong, oval, square or rectangular. The scar is frequently covered or embedded with a black or gray deposit of ferric oxide, known as a pontil mark. Alternatively, it is referred to in collector jargon as a “graphite” or “improved” pontil mark.

Deterioration – The processes and appearance of chemical or mechanical degradation of glass to the point that it is no longer suitable for its intended purpose. The deterioration can lead to breakage, cracking and chipping as well as loss of transparency or luster. Also referred to as wear, devitrification, and patination.

Cockney rhyming slang meaning “arse” or lose your bottle. “Bottle it” is a variation of this term. Also see the crockney slang page.

Work — and the ways in which we engage with it – have the potential to change the world. It can provide us with discipline, wisdom, skill and relationships that shape the course of our lives. It can help us feel accomplished and rewarded, even as it often drains our time, energy and passions. Whether we have fond memories of the mentors who taught us, the positions that stretched our limits, or the times it has jaded us and made us cynical, the way we use our bodies, minds, energies at work shapes our identities.

But work can also create problems, especially for frontline employees. This is why redefining work has become such a major focus of thought leadership and debate. To do this, we must first understand what it is and why it matters.

The scientific definition of work is: “The amount of energy transferred from one place to another or from one form to another.” The SI unit for work is the joule (J), which is equal to a force of 1 newton applied over a displacement of 1 meter. In everyday life, we rarely think about the process of doing work – the horse pulling a plow through the field, a parent pushing a shopping cart through the supermarket, a freshman lifting a heavy bag over her head, an Olympian throwing a shot-put. But these examples are actually a good example of work, because they have three key ingredients: force, displacement and cause.

For complex systems that undergo motion that is not one-way or in two or three dimensions, it is necessary to divide the motion into a series of one-way, one-dimensional segments and find the small amount of work done over each segment. This is done by solving an integral equation that takes into account both the force and the velocity of the system over time dt. The result is the area under the curve of the force vs. displacement graph.

The important thing to remember is that this definition of work applies to any system with momentum, not just a physical body. That is why we use a variety of measurement units for work, including the joule and the erg. Sometimes, we even use units typically reserved for heat or energy content, such as the calorie and the kilocalorie.

In general, the formula for finding the work of a system is dW = Fs dt. This is a path integral. To do the same work in two consecutive time intervals, we double the amount of force and then double the distance traveled. For example, it would take twice as much work to lift a weight of 100 pounds over the head as it did to raise it 50 yards. The same principle is true when we are analyzing an angular motion, such as the rotation of a shaft or the compression or rotary motion of internal particles in a mechanical system. This is why we speak of the “work of a system” when discussing angular motion, rather than simply “work.” The term is more accurate in this case because it includes all of the work that must be done to cause the movement.