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A bottle is a container for holding liquids and semi-solids, such as food, beverages, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, or cosmetics. A bottle can be made from a variety of materials, including glass, plastics, and metals. A bottle can have a variety of shapes and sizes, from small to large. Bottles can be manufactured by a number of methods, such as blow molding, reheat and blow molding, co-extrusion blow molding, injection molding, and others. Bottles can be made from a wide range of chemical compositions and may use different types of closures.

The word “bottle” can also be used figuratively to refer to a person or an event. In cockney rhyming slang, a “bottle” is an arse; thus, to lose your bottle is to be embarrassed or ashamed. Similarly, a naval officer might say that someone has been “bottled up,” referring to a reprimand (see the Dictionary of Cockney and South London Slang entry below).

Probably the most widely known type of glass bottle is the clear, cylindrical vessel that holds wine or spirits. The word “bottle” is also applied to other containers of varying sizes and materials, such as bottles that hold juice, beer, milk, oil, and other foodstuffs. Bottles can be made of glass, plastic, or metal and may be used for storing either hot or cold liquids. Bottles can be shaped in a variety of ways, depending on the type of product they contain, the amount of product stored, and other factors.

In the early 20th century, a revolutionary new bottle material appeared — polyethylene terephthalate, or PET — plastic. PET plastic is a durable and lightweight material that can be molded into many different kinds of bottles and other containers. Bottles made of PET are now widely used for a wide variety of products, from food and beverage to pharmaceuticals.

The PET bottle was first developed in 1941 by a researcher at the DuPont Corporation. It was the result of years of experimenting with the blow-molding process, which had been in use since the late 19th century. The breakthrough came when chemists at DuPont discovered how to make PET from the fossil fuel ethylene (ethylene), and how to create a plastic that would be resistant to damage, odors, and abrasions.

A PET bottle is an excellent example of how modern technology can help solve long-standing problems with manufacturing and using certain products. Until the introduction of PET, most bottles were made of glass or metal. The new PET bottle introduced a new, economical and convenient way of storing products like milk and juice that had previously been stored in cardboard cartons. The invention of the PET bottle revolutionized packaging for products such as these and has helped to make life easier for millions of people. The PET bottle has also made a significant contribution to environmental sustainability and is an important part of the global recycling effort. The PET bottle has become a symbol of the progress of science and technology, and it will undoubtedly continue to shape future society in new and exciting ways.

Work takes up a large portion of people’s lives and is an important part of the economy. It provides people with a way to earn money to live and the opportunity to achieve their goals. However, work is much more than a means to an end. It affects our self-image and our identity. It can provide a sense of stability and security, which can be helpful in stressful times. It can also provide a sense of meaning and purpose, which can help people feel more fulfilled.

But while many leaders and thought leaders are engaged in a rich conversation about the future of work, they seem to miss one important question: What is work?

Often, when companies talk about the future of work, they use a narrow definition that focuses on skills, such as the ability to identify and solve problems. This approach, while valuable in its own right, is limited and doesn’t capture the full potential of work. In order to truly transform the future of work, organizations must reimagine what work is and how it gets done. This will require a significant change in management systems, work environments, operations, leadership and management capabilities, performance management and compensation, and other human capital practices.

In physics, work is the amount of energy transferred to an object when a force causes a displacement of that object. This can be expressed mathematically as W = F (d / f) and is typically measured in units of joule or kilocalories, which are the same as those used to measure energy in other systems such as mechanical, thermal, or electrical.

The work an object does is related to its mass and the distance it is displaced. The greater the mass of the object and the smaller the distance, the more work it does. For example, a 100-kg person pushing a can of soup 0.600 m down a slope does more work than a 20-kg person pushing the same can up a slope because the weight of the person is a greater proportion of the total distance travelled.

The work that an individual does can have many psychological and personal impacts, both good and bad. It can give a person a sense of meaning and purpose, which is particularly important in challenging times, or it can erode self-worth and leave them feeling unfulfilled. In the worst cases, it can snuff out passions, destroy relationships, and lead to feelings of cynicism. In the best, it can build discipline, wisdom, and skill. For all of these reasons, the question of what work is is worth asking not just for executives and think tanks, but for individuals as well.

Making love is sexual intimacy that involves more than just a physical connection. It also encompasses an emotional connection that reflects a bond of mutual respect and trust. It’s a time to relax and let your guard down while enjoying the sensual pleasure of touching, massaging and kissing. It’s a time to enjoy your partner’s touch, scent and mouth with the ultimate goal of satisfying each other sexually. It’s a time for orgasms that are both physical and spiritual.

When people talk about “making love,” it is often synonymous with “having sex.” However, this is not always the case. Having sex refers to general sexual intercourse with any person. This can be a partner, spouse or beloved, while making love implies sexual intercourse with someone that you have a special bond with. It reflects affection for the person and not just an urge for sexual intercourse.

The difference between the two is that making love relates to an intimate and emotional bond with your partner while having sex simply focuses on physical satisfaction. The key to making love is communication. By talking about your needs and expectations, you can ensure that both of you will be happy with the outcome of your sexual experience. Make sure that you are prepared for your sexual encounter by dressing in lingerie that makes you feel beautiful and by lighting a scented candle to create an intimate atmosphere. It’s important to communicate what you want from your partner before and during the act to avoid any confusion.

Many couples confuse really good sex for making love, but there is a fine line between lust and desire and love. The act of making love is one of the most sacred rituals that human beings have in common. It is a time to honor each other’s bodies as equals and to connect with the spirit of the other. It is a sacred experience of seamless solidarity and union.

A man who loves you will be willing to take risks and explore new sex positions, try out sex toys and do anything else that will help to deepen your intimacy with him. He will be completely focused on you and will not be distracted by his thoughts or other people. This is a sign of genuine love and shows that you can trust him.

You can tell if you’re making love by the way your partner acts during and after the act. You will see him or her smiling, blushing and acting in ways that express their emotions. You will hear them moan and groan and you will be touched by their body language as they caress and stroke yours. If you are able to communicate with your partner and understand each other’s needs, you will be able to enjoy a deeper level of sexual intimacy than you ever imagined possible. Download Relish to get full access to expert relationship coaches, therapist approved quizzes and more, free for one week.

A container, usually cylindrical with a narrow neck and a wider body, for holding liquids or other materials. It may be decorated or otherwise embellished with a wide variety of design and decoration techniques to enhance the beauty and value of the bottle and its contents. Also known as a flask, jug or pot. The word is most often used in reference to a small glass vessel for beverage purposes but can apply to other containers as well. See the Bottle Typology page for more details.

Applied color label – A common way to decorate or label a bottle by painting, etching or engraving with mineral or organge pigments in a thermoplastic medium that is baked in the furnace to form a durable surface. It was commonly called “enameling” or “fire-fused” (now mostly referred to as pyroglazing) in the past but more recently is also referred to as applied color lettering, painted or printed labels and painted bottles. See the Bottle Decoration page for more details.

Decolorizing – A process of neutralizing or eliminating iron and carbonaceous impurities in the glass mix or batch to produce clear or colorless glass. Historically, it was accomplished by adding selenium, manganese dioxide and/or arsenic. The addition of these substances was referred to by early glassmakers as “glassmakers’ soap” as they were capable of removing many of the unwanted elements from a bottle resulting in a higher quality bottle (White 1978).

Hinge mold base

A type of two-piece glass mold in which the base plate section is attached directly to the heel portion of the body and bisected the side mold seam. Typically, these bottles have no pontil mark superimposed on the side mold seam and are considered to be free-blown. See the Bottle Bases page for pictures of examples.

Ground rim/lip bottle – A finish on which the top surface has been hand ground to enhance sealing and closure fit. Generally found on hand-made bottles with outside screw-threads – especially canning and fruit jars. The term is also used in reference to other types of hand-made bottles with a flat bottom lip which has been hand ground – like the round utility bottle finishes shown on the Bottle Bases page.

Ghost seams – The lightly imprinted, meandering mold seams on the body, neck and sometimes base of a machine-made bottle that are caused by distortion of the parison as it is expanded in the second blow mold. The appearance of these seams on the body, neck and/or base is conclusive evidence that a bottle was made by machine rather than being mouth-blown. See the Machine-made Bottles page for more details.

Glossary

This glossary contains a collection of bottle related terminology that is either collector based, technical glassmaking jargon or a mixture of both. Where appropriate, definitions and references will be provided for each entry. Terms whose meanings are well understood within the collector community at large but are not widely accepted in glassmaking circles will be identified as such.

When you hear the word work, it might mean your job or the expanding effort that goes into getting a particular project done. It might also conjure up images of manual labor, like scrubbing floors or hauling heavy loads. Or you might think of more abstract ideas, like the energy you put into raising a child or starting a business.

If you’re a science student, or even if you’re not, you’ve likely been taught that energy is the ability to do work. That’s a pretty useful concept, since it helps explain how a lot of the things that happen around us work, whether it’s pushing a car across the road or picking up a book from your desk.

However, the scientific definition of work is slightly different than its everyday meaning. The scientific definition is that for work to be done, there needs to be both a force and a displacement. In its simplest form, for a constant force aligned with the direction of motion, work equals the product of the force strength and the distance traveled.

To do work, an object must be displaced in some way, and the relative directions of the force and displacement determine whether the work is positive, negative, or zero. The SI unit for work is the joule, which is a measure of the amount of energy transferred from one place to another or one form to another.

So if you push something against the wall, and you can feel the force building up in your arms, that’s the kind of work that is being done. But what about when you hold a book without moving it? Surely that isn’t working? Well, if you do this for any length of time, your muscles will get tired. That’s because the forces that are acting on your body are transferring energy to them.

So the next time someone tells you that work from home isn’t real work, remind them of all the money that they’re saving on commuting expenses, overpriced coffee, and uncomfortable clothes. Then tell them about how they can invest that saved money into a retirement account or buy experiences that will help them thrive. And if they’re lucky, you might convince them that the unseen portion of their job — imagining solutions to nonroutine problems and seeking fresh opportunities — is a big part of what work should actually be. And then, perhaps they’ll stop complaining about their commute or that they don’t have enough time for their side business.

Making love — a term often used interchangeably with ‘having sex’ — is an important part of a healthy relationship. It’s a way to connect and bond with your partner physically, but it also shows that you care about them emotionally. It can also act as a milestone in your relationship, marking a new level of intimacy and emotional connection.

Unlike regular sex, which is often rushed and a bit mechanical, love making has a lot more to do with tenderness. It involves listening to your partner and knowing (or asking if you need to) what they like so that you can make them happy in bed. It’s a delicate process that requires a great deal of communication and a willingness to try new things.

But while there are plenty of books and guides about how to be a better lover, it’s ultimately a practice that must be learned through experience. If you want to master the art of making love, then you will need to learn how to get aroused by your partner’s touch and attention, how to be a more attentive and caring lover during sexual activity, and how to respond to their cues during intercourse.

You can try to find out what gets your partner aroused by talking about it with them when you are not in the bedroom or reading up on it online. It’s an excellent way to learn more about your partner, and it will help you understand what works for them and what doesn’t.

To get your partner aroused during lovemaking, you can close your eyes and imagine all of the ways that they could make you feel good. Focus on each sense and try to picture the feelings that are being stimulated when you are touching, kissing, and smelling your partner. You can also talk to your partner about what makes them feel aroused and how to best please each other during sex.

Once you have got your partner in the mood, you can start to make love at their pace. They will enjoy it more if they feel that you are taking your time and are paying attention to them. You can also whisper soft, loving words to them to keep them in the moment.

Whether you’re a beginner or an expert, learning how to make love is something that everyone should strive for. It’s a beautiful skill that is often overlooked, but it can bring joy and satisfaction to your life.

Just make sure you don’t neglect your other relationships and that you don’t use sex as a way to fill a void in your relationship. Instead, treat it as a special occasion that can strengthen your bond and show that you truly care about your partner. And, of course, never forget to use condoms or safe sex methods!

A hollow vessel of wood, glass or leather, with a narrow mouth, for the conveyance and holding of liquids. In the Oriental nations, skins are used for this purpose; in Europe and America, bottles of glass of various kinds are employed – for example, those for wine, porter and cyder. Bottles are also made of metal, especially for spirits; the latter have a cork stopper.

The earliest man-made bottles were probably of soda lime glass, the raw material for which is sodium carbonate (soda ash). The plants growing in the Mediterranean and Middle East have the property that, when burned, they yield this mineral. This material is a flux, lowering the melting point of the raw glass materials and thus making it possible to shape them into useful forms. The basic process of converting the soda and lime into glass is called core forming, which involves blowing molten glass onto a wooden or metal table. This table was sometimes wax or oil coated for lubrication to help the glass “stick” to it and be rolled into shape by a marver, with the final form secured by either a pontil rod or snap case tool.

Glass makers also decolorized their glass by adding certain substances, such as selenium or manganese dioxide to the batch. This helped to neutralize the iron and other impurities in the sand and produce colorless glass. The term glassmakers’ soap is sometimes applied to such decolorizing agents.

Many of the descriptions on this site use specialized terminology, much of it collector based or originated, which may be confusing to those not familiar with these terms. For the definition of some terms, see the Glossary. Other definitions are specific to this website and may be found on its respective pages, for example, see the Bottle Finishes & Closures page.

Some of these bottle-related terms are easier to understand with a picture than a written description. Click pictures to enlarge. Bottles with keyed bases, for example, have a base mold seam that arches up in the center or “jog” of the bottle; click picture to enlarge. A keyed mold is indicative of a bottle made prior to about 1860, particularly when accompanied by a pontil mark superimposed on the mold seam.

Fire grenade bottles were filled with carbon tetrachloride and thrown into fires to extinguish them; they are often identified by the ring on the neck of the bottle where the carbon tetrachloride would vaporize (see picture to enlarge). See also the Miscellaneous Bottles typology page.

As we all work to redefine our futures and the nature of business, we’re often looking for what will be a more fulfilling way of doing it. We’re seeking more meaningful and impactful work that is driven by passion, purpose, autonomy, and self-actualization. It’s work that helps people to identify and pursue opportunities, to solve problems, and to create more value for internal and external customers, suppliers, partners, and others. It’s work that cultivates the capacities of curiosity, imagination, creativity, intuition, empathy, and social intelligence. This work is the new work.

While many people talk about the new ways of working and a better future, few seem to be asking a more fundamental question: What is work?

The question is more important than it might seem. It is one that reveals a fundamental difference between how scientists define work and how most people think about it. Scientists understand that work is energy transfer. It happens whenever a force exerts a displacement on an object. The more significant the force and the larger the displacement, the more work is done. The SI unit for work is the joule (J).

If you hold a book without moving it, no work is done. However, if you push the book against the floor, it will move. The amount of work will depend on the direction that the book moves, which is determined by the angle between the force vector F and the displacement vector d. Depending on the direction, work may be positive or negative. For example, throwing a ball across the room has positive work, because the ball gains kinetic energy as it travels over this distance.

Work also depends on whether the force is constant or variable. If the force is constant, work will be proportional to the distance travelled. But if the force is variable, the work will be different for each instant of time because the direction of the displacement changes with the direction of the force. The work will be infinitesimal for each instant, but it will add up to a finite amount over the entire trajectory.

If you divide the motion into one-way one-dimensional segments, the total work done is the path integral formula W = int _CF d s = int _CF d s. For a curve C, this will be equal to the force-displacement path integral:

In a romantic relationship, making love is the most intimate form of sexual intimacy. It is a time of connection on a deep emotional and spiritual level. Lovemaking can cultivate a bond and closeness that takes your relationship to an even more fulfilling level of intimacy than just sexual sex alone.

Many people use the term “making love” as a euphemism for having sex, perhaps because it’s less of a blatant or crude expression than simply saying “having sex.” However, this misunderstanding can lead to problems in your relationship and may prevent you from experiencing more pleasure. Getting it right can help you avoid some common mistakes that can be very easy to make.

Rather than simply focusing on yourself, focus on your partner and what they enjoy and find pleasurable in bed. A woman wants to feel that you are aiming to please her, and you can accomplish this by paying attention to her throughout the entire act. This can include listening to her moans and screams, knowing what she likes and dislikes, and ensuring that her needs are met.

Make her smile, laugh and cry with you. Make her feel your tender loving care for her, and she will be more likely to return it. Don’t try to hard to please her with new and difficult moves in bed; instead, stick with what you know works. While it’s important to be playful in bed, learning how to make love isn’t the time to experiment with new techniques that could turn into a nightmare. It’s a time to connect with her on a deeper, more intimate level.

Lovemaking requires you to put your needs aside. You’re a couple now, and it’s time to make your lovemaking count. It’s important to understand that this is a process, and it will take time for you to get comfortable enough to let your emotions and sensuality flow together. You may also have to work through some issues that you’ve had in the past, so be patient and keep working at it.

In addition to physical intimacy, you can enhance your lovemaking by adding elements of erotic art to the experience. For example, you might fill a room with candles and mirrors to create an intensely erotic environment for your partner. You can also add in some soft music and a few sexual games to make the night more memorable for both of you. Make sure to give your partner plenty of attention outside of the bedroom as well, by spending time together, going out on dates, and doing other things that will bring you closer together. These steps will build anticipation and increase your feelings of sexual enjoyment. So the next time you plan a romantic night in, be sure to prepare yourself for making love and have an unforgettable evening with your partner. It will be a memory that lasts forever. And remember that the more you practice, the better you’ll become at it!

The bottle is one of the most important tools parents use to feed their baby. Whether you’re breastfeeding, using formula or both, a high-quality bottle will help your child thrive.

But the world of bottles can be intimidating if you don’t know what you’re looking for. You may not even be sure what size to get or which brand to choose. And that’s not even considering all of the different styles, materials and closures there are to choose from. The options seem endless, and choosing the right bottle for your child can feel overwhelming.

Luckily, we’ve done the hard work for you and put together this article to help you find the best bottle for your little one. From what to look for in a bottle to how to properly wash and care for it, we’ve got you covered. We also share our favorite bottle accessories and tips to make your baby feeding experience as easy (and cute!) as possible!

Before we dive into the details, it’s important to be aware of some of the specialized terminology used on this site and throughout bottle collecting in general. Many of these terms are collector based, while others are technical glassmaking jargon. We’ve tried to avoid using these terms unless absolutely necessary, and where possible, have substituted other words for them (like rim and lip). Please refer to our Glossary Page for more information on this subject.

Ejection mark – A circular mark left on the base of a bottle by some press-and-blow, automatic or semi-automatic machines that were used to produce mouth-blown bottles and jars (like the Lynch MB Two Table shown below). This type of mark is produced when the pre-bottle was forced out of the first parison mold through a grasping ring mold by the force of a metal rod. This process was called “ejection” and the person who operated this part of a bottle production line was known as a ‘lear tender’ (Bridgeton Evening News 1889).

Heel – The lowest portion of a bottle where it curves down into the base. Sometimes referred to as the insweep, or heel (see the General Bottle Morphology page for an illustration).

Keyed mold – A variation on a two-piece hinge mold in which the bottom mold seam arches up instead of being straight like on most two-piece molded bottle types. This type of mold was very common for Burgundy bottles and is highly indicative of these bottles being blown between the late 1840s and early 1870s – especially when combined with a squared off rather than arched jog (see the Keyed Mold discussion on the Bottle Bases page).

Laid-on ring – A thin trail of glass, usually a single bead, fused to the inside of a bottle above the bore, or at the neck end as a means of strengthening the weakened area of this area of the bottle. The lay-on ring is a relatively recent development in the manufacture of bottles and jars. See the Lay-on Ring discussion on the Bottle Finishes & Closures page for more information.